References for The Evaluation and Management of Hyperlipidemia In HIV Infection
Reported for NATAP by Carl J. Fichtenbaum, M.D., Associate Professor of Clinical Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine

1.   Carr A. Samaras K. Thorisdottir A. Kaufmann GR. Chisholm DJ. Cooper DA. Diagnosis, prediction, and natural course of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor-associated lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus: a cohort study. Lancet, 1999;353:2093-9. 

2.   Segerer S. Bogner JR. Walli R. Loch O. Goebel FD. Hyperlipidemia under treatment with proteinase inhibitors. Infection, 1999;27:77-81.  

3.   Kaul DR. Cinti SK. Carver PL. Kazanjian PH. HIV protease inhibitors: advances in therapy and adverse reactions, including metabolic complications. Pharmacotherapy, 1999;19:281-98.  

4.   Carr A. Samaras K. Chisholm DJ. Cooper DA. Pathogenesis of HIV-1 protease inhibitor-associated peripheral lipodystrophy, hyperlipidaemia, and insulin resistance. Lancet, 1998; 351:1881-3.   

5.   Pasternak R. Grundy S. Levy D. Thompson P. Task Force 3. Spectrum of Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Disease. 27^th Bethesda Conference ìMatching the intensity of Risk factor Management with the Hazard for Coronary Disease Eventsî J AM Coll Cardiol, 1996;27: 964-1047.

6.   Manninen V et al. Joint Effects of Serum Triglyceride and LDL Cholesterol and HDL Cholesterol Concentrations on Coronary Heart Disease Risk in the Helsinki Heart Study. Circulation, 1992;85:37-45.

7.   Assmann G. Schulte, H. Role of Triglycerides in Coronary Artery Disease: Lessons from the Prospective Cardiovascular Munster Study. Am J Cardiol, 1992;70:10H-13H.

8.   American Heart Association Scientific Statement. Primary Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease: Guidance from Framingham. Circulation, 1998;97:1876-1887.

9.   Louis A. Cardiac Complications of acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome (AIDS): A Review. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1989;13:1144-54.

10.  Herskowitz A. et al. Myocarditis and Cardiotropic Viral Infection Associated with Severe Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Late Stage Infection with Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Am Coll Cardiol, 1994;24:1025-32.

11.  Feneley M. HIV Related Cardiovascular Disease. Med J Aust, 1996;164:482.

12.  Henry K et al. Severe Premature Coronary Artery Disease with Protease Inhibitors. Lancet, 1998;351:1328.

13. Domingo P, Esther F, Montiel J, et al. Lipid profile abnormalities in HIV-infected patients treated with protease inhibitors. In the proceedings and program of the 37^th Infectious Diseases Society of America meeting, 1999, Philadelphia, PA [Abstract ]

14.   Vergis E. Paterson D. Mackey D. Wagener M. Swindells S et al.Dyslipidemia is associated with adherence to protease inhibitor containing regimens in HIV-1 infected individuals. In the proceedings and program of the 37^th Infectious Diseases Society of America meeting, 1999, Philadelphia, PA [Abstract ]

15.   Posner G et al. Hypocholesterolemia is Associated with Immune Dysfunction in Early Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Infection. Am J Med, 1993.94:515-519.

16.   Feingold K. et al. The Hypertriglyceridemia of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is Associated with an Increased Prevalence of Low Density Lipoprotein Subclass pattern B. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1993;76:1423-1427.

17.   Behrens G, Dejam A, Schmidt H, et al.  Impaired glucose tolerance, beta cell function and lipid metabolism in HIV patients under treatment with protease inhibitors.  AIDS, 1999;13:F63-F70.

18.   Periard D. Telenti A. Sudre P. Cheseaux JJ. Halfon P. Reymond MJ. Marcovina SM. Glauser MP. Nicod P. Darioli R. Mooser V. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in HIV-infected individuals treated with protease inhibitors. The Swiss HIV Cohort Study. Circulation, 1999;100:700-5.

19.   Echevarria KL. Hardin TC. Smith JA. Hyperlipidemia associated with protease inhibitor therapy. Ann Pharmacother, 1999;33:859-63.

20.   Summary of the Second Report of the National Cholesterol Education program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults. (Adult Treatment Panel II) JAMA, 1993;269:3015-3023.

21.   Ansell BJ. Watson KE. Fogelman AM. An evidence-based assessment of the NCEP Adult Treatment Panel II guidelines. National Cholesterol Education Program. JAMA, 1999;282:2051-7.

22.   Aguilar-Salinas CA. Barrett H. Schonfeld G. Metabolic modes of action of the statins in the hyperlipoproteinemias. Atherosclerosis, 1998;141(2):203-7.

23.   Vogel RA. Cholesterol lowering and endothelial function. Am J Med, 1999;107:479-87.

24.   Aengevaeren WR. Beyond lipids - the role of the endothelium in coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis, 1999;147:S11-6.

25.   Knopp RH. Drug treatment of lipid disorders. N Engl J Med, 1999; 341:498-511.

26.   Fruchart JC. Brewer HB Jr. Leitersdorf E. Consensus for the use of fibrates in the treatment of dyslipoproteinemia and coronary heart disease. Fibrate Consensus Group. Am J Cardiol, 1998;81:912-7.

27.   Sosman J.M. Klein M.A. Bellehumeur J.L. Aeschlimann S.E. Stein J.H  Endothelial Dysfunction is associated with the use of Human Immunodeficiency Virus ñ1 Protease Inhibitors. [Abstract 29]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 7^th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Jan 30-Feb 2, 2000 San Francisco, CA

28.   Pere D. et al. Lipid profile abnormalities in HIV infected patients treated with protease inhibitors. In the proceedings and program of the 37^th Infectious Diseases Society of America meeting, 1999, Philadelphia, PA [Abstract ]

29.   Dalakos MC. Illa I. Pezeshkpour GH. Mitochondrial myopathy caused by long-term zidovudine therapy. N Eng J Med, 1990;322:1098-1105.

30.   Fichtenbaum C, Gerber J, Rosenkranz S, Segal Y, Blaschke T, et al. Pharmacokinetic Interactions between Protease Inhibitors and Selected HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors. [Abstract LB 6]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 7^th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Jan 30-Feb 2, 2000 San Francisco, CA.

31.   Carr RA, Andre AK, Bertz RJ, Hsu A, Lam W, Chang M, et al.  Concomitant administration of ABT-378/ritonavir (ABT-378/r) results in a clinically important pharmacokinetics (PK) interaction with atorvastatin (ATO) but not pravastatin (PRA).  40^th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.  Toronto, CA, 2000. Abstract 1644.

32.   Hsyu PH, Lewis RH, Schultz MD, Lillibridge JH, Kerr BM.  Pharmacokinetic interactions between nelfinavir and two HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Simvastatin and Atorvastatin.  40^th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.  Toronto, CA, 2000. Abstract 425.

33.   Martin CM, Hoffman V, Berggren RE.  Rhabdomyolysis in a patient receiving simvastatin concurrently with highly active antiretroviral therapy.  In abstracts and proceedings of the 40^th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.  Toronto, CA, 2000. Abstract 1297.

34.   Schliefer K. Wasmuth JC. Rockstroh JK. Spengler U. Treatment of PI induced hyperlipidaemia with Bezafibrate. [Abstract 1296] In: Program and Abstracts of the 39^th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 26-29, 1999. San Francisco , CA.

35.   Penzak S. Chuck S.K. Stajich G.V. Efficacy and Safety of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (Statins) for the treatment of protease inhibitor  (PI)-related hyperlipidemia: a retrospective analysis. [Abstract 1297]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 39^th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 26-29, 1999. San Francisco , CA.

36.   Slayter KL. Stephens M. Schlech WF. Jay KW. Validation of a dyslipidemia algorithm in HIV-positive patients. [Abstract 1294] In: Program and Abstracts of the 39^th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. September 26-29, 1999. San Francisco , CA.

37.   Henry K,  Melroe H, Huebesch J, Kopaczewski J, Simpson J. Atorvastatin and gemfibrozil for protease-inhibitor-related lipid abnormalities. Lancet 1998;352:1031-2.

38.   Moyle G, Lloyd M, Reynolds B, Baldwin C.  A randomized open label comparative trial of dietary advice with and without pravastatin for the management of protease inhibitor (PI)-associated hypercholesterolemia.  In proceedings and abstracts of the 13^th World Conference on AIDS.  Durbin, July 2000 [Abstract ThPpB1438].

39.   Martinez E. Blanco J.L. Garcia M.A. Buira E. Bianchi L. et al..Impact of Switching from HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (PI) to Efavirenz (EFV) in patients with lipodystrophy. [Abstract 50]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 7^th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Jan 30-Feb 2, 2000 San Francisco, CA

40.   A Carr. D.A.Cooper. A randomized, multicenter study of Protease Inhibitor Substitution in Aviremic Patients with Antiretroviral  (ARV) lipodystrophy Syndrome. [Abstract 205]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 7^th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Jan 30-Feb 2, 2000 San Francisco, CA

41.   Ruiz L. Negredo E. Domingo P. Bonjoch A. Paredes R et al.. Clinical, Virological  and Immunological Benefit of Switching the Protease Inhibitor (PI) by Nevirapine (NVP) in HAART experienced Patients Suffering Lypodystrophy (LD): 36-Week Follow up. [Abstract 206]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 7^th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Jan 30-Feb 2, 2000 San Francisco, CA

42.   Barreiro P. Soriano V. Blanco F. Casimiro C. Cruz J et al. Risks and Benefits of replacing protease inhibitors by nevirapine in patients with long term successful triple combinations. [Abstract 538]. In: Program and Abstracts of the 7^th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. Jan 30-Feb 2, 2000 San Francisco, CA

43.   Fichtenbaum CJ, Blaschke T, Rosenkranz S, Segal Y, Aberg J, Gerber J, Alston B, Lizak P, and Aweeka F.  Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Protease Inhibitors And Selected HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors.  13^th World Conference on AIDS, Durbin, July, 2000.  Abstract WeOrB544.