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Rare sexual transmitted disease with GI features may be on the rise
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Gastroenterology January 2005, Volume 128, Number 1
Federal health officials are alerting physicians to Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV), a systemic sexually transmitted disease caused by a variety of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis that rarely occurs in the United States and other industrialized countries.
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), LGV prevalence, which is greatest in Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Caribbean countries, has recently shown an increase among homosexual men in the Netherlands and other countries. In a recent Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR), the agency notes that in the Netherlands (which typically has fewer than 5 cases a year) as of September 2004, a total of 92 cases of LGV had been confirmed during the preceding 17 months among men who have sex with men (MSM). Of the 92 cases confirmed in the Netherlands, 30 occurred during 2003 and 62 during 2004.
Unlike routine cases of Chlamydia, LGV can be associated with severe gastrointestinal distress, including bleeding of the rectum and colon. "The number of cases reported in the Netherlands is likely a minimum estimate of disease occurrence; clinicians in industrialized countries diagnose LGV rarely and would usually not consider LGV as a likely cause of gastrointestinal illness," the CDC states.
Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of LGV in the United States are difficult to obtain; the disease is not nationally reportable, and the diagnosis is not straightforward. The clinical presentation of LGV might easily be missed, as evidenced by the large number of retrospective cases identified in the Netherlands. Only one patient, with onset of illness in April 2003, had symptoms usually associated with LGV (ie, inguinal adenopathy [buboes] and a painful genital ulcer). All other patients had gastrointestinal symptoms, such as bloody proctitis with a purulent or mucous anal discharge and constipation.
According to Stuart Berman, MD, Chief of the epidemiology and surveillance branch in the division of sexually transmitted disease prevention at CDC, if clinicians treat LGV like colitis, "you might be treating it with drugs that make the STD worse."
Although some of the patients in this LGV outbreak reported having multiple sex partners in cities in Europe and the United States, limited information has been reported regarding LGV occurrence outside the Netherlands. However, recent reports from Belgium, France, and Sweden confirm that LGV is occurring elsewhere in Europe.
In July 2004, CDC identified an LGV strain on a rectal swab specimen from a patient in the United States who had signs and symptoms similar to those of the patients in the Netherlands. In this case, no known exposure to European MSM was reported. US contacts of the patient were evaluated and treated with antibiotics.
"Health-care providers and MSM in the United States and Europe should be aware of this LGV outbreak, which is similar to STD increasesthat have been reported in recent years among MSM," the CDC warns, adding that "the ulcerative character of LGV can facilitate transmission and acquisition of HIV and other STDs or blood-borne diseases."
For details, see MMWR 2004;53:985--988.
Lymphogranuloma Venereum Among Men Who Have Sex with Men --- Netherlands, 2003--2004
MMWR October 29, 2004
Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) is a systemic, sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by a variety of the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis that rarely occurs in the United States and other industrialized countries; the prevalence of LGV is greatest in Africa, Southeast Asia, Central and South America, and Caribbean countries (1). However, in the Netherlands, which typically has fewer than five cases a year, as of September 2004, a total of 92 cases of LGV had been confirmed during the preceding 17 months among men who have sex with men (MSM). The first 13 cases, diagnosed during April--November 2003, were reported by local health authorities in Rotterdam in December 2003 (2,3). An alert was sent to the Early Warning and Reporting System of the European Union and to the European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections Network (ESSTI) (4). In April 2004, a report was made to CDC, and state and local health departments were alerted. Of the 92 cases confirmed in the Netherlands, 30 occurred during 2003 and 62 during 2004. This report describes the ongoing investigation of the LGV outbreak. Health-care providers should be vigilant for LGV, especially among MSM exposed to persons from Europe, and prepared to diagnose the disease and provide appropriate treatment to patients and their exposed sex partners (Box).
The cases in the Netherlands were investigated by staff members of public health services, academic medical centers, and the National Institute of Public Health and Environment. After the initial 13 cases were reported, efforts were implemented to increase awareness of the outbreak among health-care providers, staff at human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)--treatment centers and STD clinics, and members of the MSM community. As a result, an additional 17 confirmed cases and 40 probable cases that occurred in 2003 were identified retrospectively.
LGV was diagnosed by conducting polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests on rectal swab specimens and performing subsequent restriction endonuclease pattern analysis of the amplified outer membrane protein A gene to determine the genotype. Confirmed cases were those in patients with 1) proctitis or contact with a patient confirmed with LGV; 2) a positive PCR test for C. trachomatis on a urine or rectal specimen; and 3) L1, L2, or L3 genotype determined by PCR. Probable cases were those in patients whose illness was consistent with the first two criteria and who also had a positive serologic test for C. trachomatis, but did not meet the third criterion because specimens were not available for genotyping. Possible cases were in patients who met only the first criterion and had a positive serologic test.
Increased awareness of the LGV outbreak resulted in retrospective reporting of 2003 cases and reporting of 62 confirmed cases in 2004, as of September 1. Additional epidemiologic information was obtained on these 62 patients. Preliminary evaluation determined that all the patients were white and that, among the 30 MSM whose HIV status was known, 23 (77%) were HIV positive. Other preliminary findings suggested that concurrent sexually transmitted infections were prevalent and that the majority had participated in casual sex gatherings (e.g., "leather scene" parties) and unprotected anal intercourse or other unprotected anal penetration (e.g., fisting) during the 12 months before onset of symptoms.
Only one patient, with onset of illness in April 2003, had symptoms usually associated with LGV (i.e., inguinal adenopathy [buboes] and a painful genital ulcer) (3); all other patients had gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., bloody proctitis with a purulent or mucous anal discharge and constipation) (2). In all of the cases in Rotterdam, LGV was associated with high-titer antibodies to C. trachomatis in sera, as determined by peptide enzyme immunoassay. When urethral swab samples were obtained, they did not contain C. trachomatis DNA. LGV was temporally associated with HIV seroconversion in two patients and with recent acquisition of hepatitis C infection in five others.
Reported by: MJW van de Laar, PhD, National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven; HM Götz, MD, O de Zwart, MPH, Municipal Health Svc; WI van der Meijden, MD, JM Ossewaarde, MD, HB Thio, MD, Erasmus Univ Medical Centre, Rotterdam; JSA Fennema, PhD, J Spaargaren, MD, Municipal Health Svc; HJC de Vries, MD, Academic Medical Center, Univ of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands. SM Berman, MD, JR Papp, PhD, KA Workowski, MD, Div of STD Prevention, National Center for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, CDC.
Editorial Note:
Although some of the patients in this LGV outbreak reported having multiple sex partners in cities in Europe and the United States (2), limited information has been reported regarding LGV occurrence outside the Netherlands. However, recent reports from Belgium, France, and Sweden confirm that LGV is occurring elsewhere in Europe (5,6). Additional reports might follow increased awareness of the outbreak (7). In July 2004, CDC identified an L2 LGV strain on a rectal swab specimen from a patient in the United States who had signs and symptoms similar to those of the patients in the Netherlands. In this case, no known exposure to European MSM was reported; U.S. contacts of the patient were evaluated and treated.
Health-care providers and MSM in the United States and Europe should be aware of this LGV outbreak, which is similar to STD increases (e.g., in syphilis, rectal gonorrhea, and quinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and including coinfections with HIV) that have been reported in recent years among MSM (8,9). The ulcerative character of LGV can facilitate transmission and acquisition of HIV and other STDs or bloodborne diseases.
The number of cases reported in the Netherlands is likely a minimum estimate of disease occurrence; clinicians in industrialized countries diagnose LGV rarely and would usually not consider LGV as a likely cause of gastrointestinal illness. Estimates of the incidence and prevalence of LGV in the United States are difficult to obtain; the disease is not nationally reportable, and the diagnosis is not straightforward. The clinical presentation of LGV might easily be missed, as evidenced by the large number of retrospective cases identified in the Netherlands.
The laboratory criteria consistent with a diagnosis of LGV include a positive result (i.e., titer >1:64) on a complement fixation test for chlamydiae or a high titer (i.e., typically >1:128, but can vary by laboratory) on a microimmuno-fluorescence serologic test for C. trachomatis. However, most available serologic tests in the United States are based on enzyme immunoassays and might not provide a quantitative "titer-based" result. A list of laboratories that perform serologic tests for C. trachomatis and might provide a titered result is available at http://www.cdc.gov/std/lgv-labs.htm.
CDC and other laboratories are evaluating molecular approaches compliant with Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendment regulations that will permit specific diagnoses of LGV. CDC advises clinicians who care for MSM to consider LGV in the diagnosis of compatible syndromes (e.g., proctitis and proctocolitis) and perform tests to diagnose C. trachomatis infections, without regard to the specific LGV serovars. Recommended treatment regimens for those suspected of having LGV and their sex partners are offered (Box).
Evaluation of gastrointestinal syndromes that might have been sexually transmitted should include appropriate diagnostic procedures (e.g., anoscopy or sigmoidoscopy) and microbiologic testing for C. trachomatis, syphilis, herpes, N. gonorrhoeae, and common enteric pathogens that can be sexually transmitted. Clinicians who identify cases compatible with LGV (e.g., proctitis associated with serologic or microbiologic evidence of chlamydial infection) should contact CDC at 404-639-2059 and local health departments.
References
1. Mabey D, Peeling RW. Lymphogranuloma venereum. Sex Transm Infect 2002;78:90--2.
2. Götz H, Nieuwenhuis R, Ossewaarde T, et al. Preliminary report of an outbreak of lymphogranuloma venereum in homosexual men in the Netherlands, with implications for other countries in western Europe. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2004;8(4). Available at http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2004/040122.asp#1.
3. Nieuwenhuis RF, Ossewaarde JM, van der Meijden WI, Neumann HA. Unusual presentation of early lymphogranuloma venereum in an HIV-1 infected patient: effective treatment with 1 g azithromycin. Sex Transm Infect 2003;79:453--5.
4. European Surveillance of Sexually Transmitted Infections Network. ESSTI Alerts. Available at http://www.essti.org.
5. Von Holstein I, Fenton KA. European network for surveillance of STIs (ESSTI) establishes working groups on lymphogranuloma venereum and HIV/STI prevention among MSM. Eurosurveillance Weekly 2004;8(25). Available at http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2004/040617.asp#4.
6. Van de Laar MJ, Götz HM, Herida M, Goulet V, Ostyn B, Vandenbruaene M. Lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) among MSM in Europe: an update [Abstract]. Proceedings of the Conference on Sexually Transmitted Infections of the International Union Against Sexually Transmitted Infections (IUSTI), Myconos, Greece, October 7--9, 2004.
7. Nieuwenhuis RF, Ossewaarde JM, Götz HM, et al. Resurgence of lymphogranuloma venereum in western Europe: an outbreak of Chlamydia trachomatis serovar L2 proctitis in the Netherlands among men who have sex with men. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:996--1003.
8. CDC. Increases in fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae among men who have sex with men---United States, 2003, and revised recommendations for gonorrhea treatment, 2004. MMWR 2004;53:335--8.
9. CDC. Primary and secondary syphilis---United States, 2002. MMWR 2003;52:1117--20.
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