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When To Begin HAART-- Impact of baseline viral load (>100,000) and adherence on survival of HIV-infected adults with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl
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AIDS: Volume 20(8) 12 May 2006 p 1117-1123
[BASIC SCIENCE]
SEE EDITORIAL At end of this report.
Wood, Evana,b; Hogg, Robert Sa,b; Yip, Benitaa; Moore, Davida; Harrigan, P Richarda,c; Montaner, Julio SGa,c
From the aBritish Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS, St Paul's Hospital, Canada.
bDepartment of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Canada.
cDepartment of Health Care and Epidemiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
Abstract
Background: Baseline plasma HIV RNA levels > 100 000 copies/ml have been associated with elevated mortality rates after the initiation of HAART. There is uncertainty regarding the optimal strategy for patients with high plasma HIV RNA but CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl.
Objective: To evaluate the impact of baseline plasma HIV RNA on survival among patients with CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl.
Methods: Patients were stratified by plasma HIV RNA, CD4 cell count and adherence level. Mortality rates were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox regression.
Results: Among 1166 patients initiating HAART with a CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl, a baseline HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml was statistically associated with elevated mortality among non-adherent patients (log-rank P = 0.032), but not for adherent patients (log-rank P = 0.690). In a multivariate Cox model comparing patients with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl and a baseline plasma HIV RNA < 100 000 copies/ml, the mortality rate was statistically similar among patients with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl and a baseline plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml (relative hazard, 1.21; 95% confidence interval, 0.89-1.65; P = 0.232).
Conclusion: HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml was only associated with mortality among HIV-infected patients initiating HAART with CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl if the patients were non-adherent.
Introduction
The benefits of HAART in the management of HIV disease are well established. Through the sustained suppression of plasma HIV RNA, HAART has been shown to decrease morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected patients [1-3].
Because of challenges associated with HAART, including issues of adherence and side-effects [4,5], therapeutic guidelines have recently shifted towards a recommendation that HAART be delayed until the CD4 cell count approaches 200 cells/μl [6-8]. This strategy aims to avoid premature exposure to antiretroviral therapy in order to prevent the early emergence of antiretroviral resistance and side-effects [4,5,9], while ensuring the initiation of HAART before the benefits of therapy have been shown to be diminished [3,10-12].
However, several studies have recently suggested that a baseline plasma HIV RNA level ≥ 100 000 copies/ml is independently associated with elevated mortality even after adjustment for CD4 cell count [12-14]. This finding has been a cause for major concern and uncertainty among clinicians, since the impact of plasma HIV RNA among patients with CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl has not been well described. It is also not known if the association between plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml and mortality is explained by patient non-adherence [15,16]. This finding would not be unexpected, since higher plasma HIV RNA has been shown to be among the strongest determinants of HIV disease progression among untreated patients [17,18]. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the impact of plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml on survival of adherent and non-adherent antiretroviral-naive HIV-infected adults initiating HAART when their CD4 cell counts were ≥ 200 cells/μl.
Results
Between 1 August 1996 and 30 September 2003, 2405 antiretroviral-naive participants aged 18 years and older began triple combination therapy. Of these, 188 (7.8%) were excluded from this analysis for not having both baseline CD4 cell count and plasma HIV-1 RNA level measures available within 6 months prior to the start of antiretroviral therapy. The study sample was based on the remaining 2217 subjects [1818 (82%) men and 399 (18%) women]. No differences in initial HAART regimen, history of injection drug use or subsequent mortality were observed between the study sample and those excluded. However, persons excluded from this analysis were more likely to be female (P = 0.018) and younger (P = 0.025) than those included in the study group. The overall median follow-up time was 50.4 months [interquartile range (IQR), 25.7-72.6]. At baseline, the median age of participants was 38 years, the median CD4 cell count was 210 cells/μl and the median plasma HIV RNA level was 100 010 copies/ml. Overall, 847 (38.2%) patients initiated therapy with a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, 1046 (47.2%) initiated therapy with an unboosted protease inhibitor and 324 (14.6%) patients initiated therapy with a boosted protease inhibitor. There were 368 deaths during the study period, among these 63 (17%) were identified as accidents/suicides or illicit drug overdoses and 305 (83%) were from non-accidental causes, in the vast majority AIDS related.
Kaplan-Meier analyses TOP
Figure 1 shows the Kaplan-Meier cumulative mortality estimates for the 1166 (53%) patients with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl stratified by plasma HIV RNA above or below 100 000 copies/ml and for the ≥ 95% adherent and < 95% adherent populations. When the 516 (44%) non-adherent patients were considered, the mortality rate was statistically elevated among the 235 (46%) patients who had a baseline plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml (log-rank P = 0.032). Conversely, when the 650 (56%) adherent patients were considered, the mortality rate was similar between those with a plasma HIV RNA above or below 100 000 copies/ml (log-rank P = 0.690). In subanalyses (data not shown), there were no differences in cumulative mortality based on plasma HIV RNA among patients with CD4 cell counts 200-350 and ≥ 350 cells/μl when this population was considered as a whole (P = 0.450), or when restricted to ≥ 95% adherent (P = 0.441) or < 95% adherent patients (P = 0.569).
Cox regression analyses
The results of the unadjusted and adjusted Cox regression analyses that considered all patients are shown in Table 1. As shown here, as a predictor of mortality amongst the entire cohort, plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml was associated with elevated mortality in unadjusted analyses [RH, 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.24-1.91; P = < 0.001] and after adjustment for all variables that had P < 0.05 in univariate analyses (RH, 1.29; (95% CI, 1.03-1.61; P = 0.028). The model was adjusted for age, physician experience, CD4 cell count and non-adherence, and the statistical significance of these covariates is indicated in the table.
Table 2 shows the results of the Cox regression analyses that examined the impact of plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml in each of the CD4 cell count strata. With patients with a CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl and a plasma HIV RNA < 100 000 copies/ml as the reference category, the mortality rate was statistically similar among patients with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl and a baseline plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml (RH, 1.21; (95% CI, 0.89-1.65; P = 0.232). Again, the other covariates adjusted for in the Cox model and their statistical significance are shown in the table. Results were consistent when accidental causes of death were censored from the analysis, when patients who were free of a clinical AIDS diagnosis at baseline were considered, and when the combined end-point of AIDS or death was considered (data not shown).
Because of limitations inherent in the adherence measure [3,20], several confirmatory analyses using logistic regression analyses were conducted without taking into account the time progression to death, and in each case the results were identical. Specifically, among the 516 non-adherent individuals with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl, the odds ratio for mortality for patients with baseline plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 c/ml was 1.85 (95% CI, 1.18-2.92; P = 0.008) in univariate analyses. Among the 650 adherent individuals with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl, the odds ratio for mortality for patients with baseline plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 c/ml was 0.89 (95% CI: 0.53-1.49; P = 0.656) in univariate analyses. In a logistic regression model constructed identical to the Cox model shown in Table 2, plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml was not associated with a greater odds of mortality among patients with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl (odds ratio, 1.32; 95% CI: 0.94-1.83; P = 0.186).
Lastly, it was recognized that the primary mechanism through which non-adherence would be associated with elevated mortality would be through lower rates of suppression of plasma HIV RNA. In the group of 516 non-adherent patients, 175 (33.9%) with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl had a plasma HIV RNA < 500 copies/ml during the first year of HAART, whereas 579 (89.1%) of the 650 adherent patients with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl experienced plasma HIV RNA suppression during the first year of HAART (P < 0.001).
Discussion
The present analyses confirmed that there is an independent effect of plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml on mortality when all HIV-infected patients were considered. However, when our analyses were restricted to patients with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl, we only observed a statistical association between plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml and elevated mortality when the analyses were restricted to non-adherent patients. Plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml was also not statistically associated with mortality among patients with a CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl in multivariate analyses that adjusted for adherence.
While there has emerged considerable agreement across international consensus guidelines regarding the impact of baseline CD4 cell count on survival after the initiation of HAART [6-8], the importance of baseline plasma HIV RNA on survival after the initiation of therapy remains among the most controversial issues in the treatment of HIV infection [16,24-26]. As noted in some therapeutic guidelines [8], many clinicians favour immediate initiation of HAART if the plasma HIV RNA level rises above 100 000 copies/ml, regardless of the CD4 cell count. However, initiating HAART at a CD4 cell count well above 200 cells/μl (e.g. > 350 cells/μl) because the plasma HIV RNA level is > 100 000 copies/ml is a critical decision given that it would likely represent an additional 3-5 years of additional antiretroviral exposure in most patients [27]. As earlier initiation of HAART does not appear to protect against the deleterious effects of non-adherence [28], our findings indicated that HAART should be delayed in favour of adherence-readiness interventions in these patients [16], as the plasma HIV RNA level is of negligible prognostic value among adherent patients with baseline CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl.
The observation that plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml is only associated with mortality among non-adherent patients if the CD4 cell count is ≥ 200 cells/μl is not surprising in view of what is known about disease progression among treated and untreated HIV-infected individuals [17,18]. Specifically, while antiretroviral therapy would be expected to suppress plasma HIV RNA levels and preserve CD4 cell counts among most adherent patients regardless of the baseline plasma HIV RNA level [14,29], among non-adherent patients with limited or no plasma HIV RNA response [30], more rapid disease progression would be expected among those individuals with higher plasma HIV RNA levels at baseline [17,18]. This observation has significance for developed world settings where plasma HIV RNA measurement has become routine, but it also has major significance for developing world settings. Specifically, although our findings should ideally be replicated in the context of a developed world setting, they do indicate that the decision regarding when to initiate HAART can be primarily driven by the more inexpensive measures of CD4 cell count rather than the combined measures of plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell count [31,32].
It is important to stress that these data arose in a setting where all HIV/AIDS care, antiretroviral drugs and laboratory monitoring are available free of charge, and where previous studies have shown that virtually all patients acquire antiretroviral drugs through a single centralized source [3,19,33]. In addition, the centralized death registry enabled complete population-level data on HIV/AIDS deaths for the entire province. Finally, since the British Columbia Centre maintains complete prospective records of antiretroviral drugs dispensed, it was possible to determine each individual's level of prescription refill compliance. Although using refill compliance as a surrogate for adherence has been previously validated [3,34-36], there is likely a strong conservative bias operating in our study because patients could have been less than optimally adherent to daily treatment intake despite maintaining a high level of refill compliance during the first year of therapy. In addition, as we have previously discussed [3], a limitation of the present study is that patients were defined as adherent based on their behaviour during the first year of therapy and then assigned to adherent strata for an analysis of baseline characteristics. Like all studies of patients treated in observational cohorts, unmeasured differences may exist among study populations and for this reason caution is warranted.
In summary, the present study demonstrates that plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml is only associated with mortality when the CD4 cell count is ≥ 200 cells/μl among patients who are non-adherent. Plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml was not associated with mortality among patients with a CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl when adherent patients were considered in stratified analyses or in multivariate analyses that adjusted for adherence. These findings are likely explained by elevated HIV disease progression among patients who have a worse baseline plasma HIV RNA profile and who are non-adherent, and they are consistent with natural history studies from prior to the advent of HAART [17,18]. These findings should be useful for clinicians facing the existing uncertainty regarding the timing of HAART among patients with a high CD4 cell count but a plasma HIV RNA level ≥ 100 000 copies/ml.
Methods
The HAART Observational Medical Evaluation and Research (HOMER) study administered through the British Columbia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS Drug Treatment Program has been described in detail elsewhere [3,10]. Briefly, the British Columbia Centre is the only free source of antiretroviral medications in the province of British Columbia, and pharmaceutical sales suggest that < 1% of HIV-infected patients obtain antiretroviral drugs outside the programme [19]. For all programme participants, a complete prospective profile of antiretroviral therapy is maintained [20].
In the present study, analyses were restricted to HIV-infected men and women who were antiretroviral drug naive, were first prescribed triple drug antiretroviral therapy between 1 August 1996 and 30 September 2003 and were followed until 30 September 2004. Study subjects were initially prescribed HAART with regimens including two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and either a protease inhibitor (boosted or unboosted) or a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, at the discretion of the enrolling physician.
The primary end-point in this analysis was time to death. Deaths occurring during the follow-up period were identified on a continuous basis from physician reports and through record linkages carried out with the British Columbia Division of Vital Statistics [3]. The primary analysis was designed to be conservative and to evaluate all-cause mortality; subanalyses considered the combined end-point of AIDS or death, or censored deaths from accidental causes at the time of death and classified them as non-events [10].
Kaplan-Meier analyses
The Kaplan-Meier analysis restricted evaluation to patients who had a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl since the study was intended to examine the impact of plasma HIV RNA in patients with CD4 cell counts > 200 cells/μl, as guidelines universally recommend that patients should be treated when the CD4 cell count declines below this level [6,16]. Patients were stratified into two groups using their baseline plasma HIV RNA categories, low (< 100 000 copies/ml) and high (≥ 100 000 copies/ml), since this has also been shown to be the only clinically significant cut-off among HAART-treated patients [3,6,10,12]. Patients were further stratified into adherent and non-adherent categories using data on prescription refill compliance [3,13,21]. As previously, the definition of adherence was based on the time that medication dispensed would last as a proportion of follow-up time [3,13,21]. This calculation was restricted to each patient's first year on therapy to avoid reverse causation that could occur among patients who ceased antiretroviral therapy after they had become too sick to take medication. It has been previously demonstrated that adherence defined in this way strongly predicts virological response and mortality, and that it can adjust for the potentially confounding effect of treatment interruption [3,13,21]. In the primary analysis, patients were a priori defined as non-adherent if they received antiretroviral medications < 95% of the time during the first year of therapy, in order to derive an estimate of the impact of adherence on survival [3,13].
Cox regression analyses
For the Cox regression analyses, all patients were considered based on previous analyses and the thresholds identified in therapeutic guidelines; patients were stratified into combined low (< 50 cells/μl), medium (50-199 cells/μl), and high (≥ 200 cells/μl) CD4 cell count strata [3,6,10,12]. As above, patients were stratified into low (< 100 000 copies/ml) and high (≥ 100 000 copies/ml) plasma HIV RNA groups. Additional variables examined in these analyses included protease inhibitor use in the initial regimen (yes versus no), a prior diagnosis of AIDS (yes versus no), age, gender, physician experience (six or more patients previously enrolled in the programme) [19,22] and date of therapy initiation (before or after July 1997) [23].
In addition, in order to derive adjusted relative hazards (RH) for mortality among patients with low (< 100 000 copies/ml) and high (≥ 100 000 copies/ml) baseline plasma HIV RNA in each of the CD4 cell count strata, a fixed model was built with indicator variables for each combined baseline plasma HIV RNA and CD4 cell count strata while adjusting for adherence (≥ 95% versus < 95% adherent) and other relevant covariates. Here, patients with a baseline CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/μl and a baseline plasma HIV RNA < 100 000 copies/ml served as the reference category. The assumption of proportional hazards was validated by inspection of plots of -log (survival function estimates) against log time. All multivariate models described were fit using the same protocol of adjusting for all variables that were statistically significant (P < 0.05) in univariate analyses.
EDITORIAL
Baseline HIV RNA and the when to start question: time to stop asking this question?
AIDS: Volume 20(8) 12 May 2006 p 1197-1198
[EPIDEMIOLOGY AND SOCIAL: EDITORIAL COMMENT]
Mussini, Cristina
Frome the Clinic of Infectious Diseases, Azienda Policlinico and University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
HIV specialists represent a rare example of clinicians who believe in medical miracles. For those who started working in this field in the mid-1980s, the introduction of HAART provided evidence that a patient's prognosis could be changed in a single day [1]. Yet, even 10 years after this dramatic change to the management of patients, we are still trying to decide the optimum use of these drugs. As clinicians, we tend to view most of our present concerns, including the side-effects of therapy (even the most serious ones) and the 'when to start' question, as mere details that have to be addressed when fine-tuning an individual's therapy. Certainly, these are minor issues compared with the dramatic reduction in mortality that we have seen since the introduction of HAART [2]. However, as most patients no longer live in fear of imminent death (as they would have done in the pre-HAART era), these minor issues often represent major hurdles that they must deal with on a daily basis. The direct correlation between antiretroviral exposure and the onset of major side-effects such as lipodystrophy or cardiovascular disease [3-5] means that 'when to start' remains a key question in the management of patients with HIV infection. As yet, no randomized clinical trials have addressed this question and, therefore, the optimal time to start HAART remains uncertain.
Guidelines for starting therapy have changed over the years following the publication of a series of key articles. Initially after the introduction of HAART and the discovery of HIV RNA [6], hopes were raised that HIV might be eradicated within only a few years of starting therapy [7]. With this in mind, it was suggested that antiretroviral therapy should be started as soon as possible after infection [8]. However, increasing awareness of associated side-effects and the difficulties of maintaining the high levels of adherence required to ensure a good long-term outcome raised some doubts about this aggressive approach [9]. Consequently, more recent guidelines have taken a more conservative approach, and it is now recommended that HAART is initiated once the CD4 cell count has fallen to much lower levels [10]. The role of an individual's HIV RNA level when determining their prognosis is still under debate. Cohort studies conducted in the pre-HAART era demonstrated that the HIV RNA level provided prognostic information that was independent of that provided by the CD4 cell count [6,11]. These results were confirmed by several studies, in the HAART era in which baseline plasma HIV RNA levels ≥ 100 000 copies/ml were independently associated with higher rates of mortality after the initiation of HAART [12,13]. Therefore, despite the fact that most recent international guidelines have become more conservative regarding the CD4 cell count at which HAART should be initiated, there is still a justification for those clinicians who would like to incorporate information on the HIV RNA level when making treatment decisions [10].
In the present issue of AIDS, Wood et al. have contributed to this question [14]. They conducted a study in the HOMER cohort to evaluate the impact of baseline plasma HIV RNA on survival considering only patients naive for antiretroviral drugs at starting HAART with CD4 cell counts ≥ 200 cells/μl. Patients were again stratified according to their adherence, and a statistical association between plasma HIV RNA ≥ 100 000 copies/ml and elevated mortality was found only in non-adherent patients. The authors concluded that their findings are not surprising since it is well known that the effect of antiretroviral drugs on HIV natural history is evident only in those who are able to adhere to them. Nevertheless, the message from this study is important. Clinicians should not be scared by elevated HIV RNA values since their detrimental effect on patients' prognosis could be outweighed as long as HAART regimens are correctly taken [15]. This is reflected in the high levels of virological response seen in those presenting with AIDS [16]. Moreover, the HOMER study includes patients who started therapy from 1996 onwards. Since this date, the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy has improved and most antiretroviral drugs currently in use are so potent and convenient to take that adherence and so prognosis could be improved. A possible limitation of the clinical value of these findings is that it requires clinicians to be able to make an accurate assessment of a patient's likely adherence on therapy. Indeed, published studies have shown that clinicians' preconceptions about patient adherence are likely to be incorrect [17], and that they should not use this information when making their decision about when to start therapy. The consequence of this uncorrected perception is that patients more than guidelines should be the centre of our prescription. Indeed, antiretroviral therapy should be started when the patient is ready to take it correctly and it should be tailored on to the patient's lifestyle to improve, at least in theory, adherence. Continuous efforts should be made to motivate patients to stick rigidly to the medication regimen, in order to avoid the emergence of resistance and clinical progression. At present, since adherence to treatment is the most important prognostic factor and it is difficult to maintain for long periods of time, there is no reason why patients with high HIV RNA should be proposed treatment in presence of a CD4 lymphocyte count higher than that recommended by international guidelines: 250-350 cells/μl.
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