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Modeled Health and Economic Burden of Frailty and Falls Among Adults With HIV
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JAMA Netw Open
Published Online: January 21, 2026
Conclusions and Relevance
In this decision analytic modeling study of frailty and falls among people with HIV and viral suppression, the lifetime QALYs lost and costs attributable to frailty and falls were substantial. These findings highlight the potential clinical and economic benefits that could result from interventions to identify, prevent, and treat frailty and falls among people with HIV.
Key Points
QuestionWhat are the anticipated lifetime health losses and costs attributable to frailty and falls among people with HIV (PWH) and viral suppression in the United States?
Findings In this decision analytic model with results scaled to an estimated population size of 521 994 PWH, there would be a projected 214 000 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost and $5.0 billion in lifetime costs attributable to prefrailty among PWH. There would be a projected 1 091 000 QALYs lost and $8.8 billion attributable to frailty and a projected 141 000 QALYs lost and $3.4 billion attributable to falls.
Meaning The findings of this study suggest that the anticipated clinical and economic burden of frailty and falls among aging PWH in the United States could be substantial.
Abstract
Importance People with HIV experience higher rates of frailty and falls than age-matched people without HIV.
Objective To estimate the life-years lost, quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) lost, and costs attributable to prefrailty, frailty, and falls among people with HIV and viral suppression in the United States.
Design, Setting, and Participants This decision analytic modeling study used the Frailty Policy Model, a microsimulation model, to project lifetime health and cost outcomes associated with frailty and falls among people with HIV in the United States. The model simulated individuals representing people with HIV and viral suppression in the United States aged 40 years and older in 2022, and results were scaled to the estimated population size of 521 994 individuals. Simulation model parameters were drawn from the Advancing Clinical Therapeutics Globally (ACTG) A5322 Study, the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS)/Women’s Interagency HIV Study (WIHS) Combined Cohort Study, and published literature. Data analysis was conducted from November 2023 to October 2025.
Exposures Prefrailty, frailty, and falls.
Main Outcomes and Measures Life-years lost, QALYs lost, and costs attributable to prefrailty, frailty, and falls.
Results
The simulated individuals representing people with HIV and viral suppression had a mean (SD) age of 56 (10) years; 25% were female; 41% had prefrailty, and 7% had frailty. The model projected that the simulated individuals would have a remaining life expectancy of 20.3 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 19.7-20.8) years, with a mean of 12.0 (95% UI, 11.2-12.8) years with prefrailty or frailty and 10.1 (95% UI, 8.2-12.1) falls per person.
Scaled to the population level, the model projected that there would be 31 000 (95% UI, 16 000-57 000) life-years lost, 214 000 (95% UI, 130 000-292 000) QALYs lost, and $5.0 (95% UI, $3.2-$7.2) billion in lifetime costs attributable to prefrailty. There would be 1 352 000 (95% UI, 84 000-3 336 000) life-years lost, 1 091 000 (95% UI, 209 000-2 500 000) QALYs lost, and $8.8 (95% UI, $4.7-$14.2) billion in lifetime costs attributable to frailty. There would be 183 000 (95% UI, 120 000-266 000) life-years lost, 141 000 (95% UI, 94 000-198 000) QALYs lost, and $3.4 (95% UI, $2.2-$4.8) billion attributable to falls.
Conclusions and Relevance
In this decision analytic modeling study of frailty and falls among people with HIV and viral suppression, the lifetime QALYs lost and costs attributable to frailty and falls were substantial. These findings highlight the potential clinical and economic benefits that could result from interventions to identify, prevent, and treat frailty and falls among people with HIV.
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